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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 1654 |
| | | Otto von Guericke uses sixteen horses to demonstrate in Regensburg the power of a vacuum | |
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| c. 1655 |
| | | The painter Pieter de Hooch is a friendly guide through the welcoming spaces of the seventeenth-century Dutch courtyard and home | |
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| c. 1655 |
| | | Diego Velazquez paints his only surviving female nude, The Toilet of Venus (known as the Rokeby Venus) | |
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| c. 1655 |
| | | George Fox begins preaching in England, in a movement which develops into the Society of Friends - or Quakers | |
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| 1655 |
| | | The British, settling in Jamaica, soon turn the island into the major slave market of the West Indies | |
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| 1655 |
| | | Christiaan Huygens, using a home-made telescope, describes accurately the rings of Saturn and discovers the planet's largest moon, Titan | |
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| c. 1656 |
| | | Jews return to England after Cromwell repeals the law of 1290 forbidding their residence in the country | |
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| 1656 |
| | | After a six-month siege, the Dutch capture Colombo from the Portuguese in Sri Lanka | |
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| 1656 |
| | | Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens constructs the first pendulum clock, on Christmas Day in the Hague | |
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| 1656 |
| | | Velazquez, in Las Meninas, paints himself painting the king and queen of Spain | |
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| 1656 |
| | | John Bunyan engages in a fierce war of pamphlets with the Quakers, with whose doctrines he profoundly disagrees | |
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| 1657 |
| | | The Dutch in South Africa purchase slaves to do domestic and agricultural work | |
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| 1657 |
| | | Andrew Marvell works as assistant Latin secretary to Milton in Cromwell's department for foreign affairs | |
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| 1658 |
| | | For the final years of his life the emperor Shah Jahan is held a prisoner, by his son Aurangzeb, in Agra's Red Fort | |
|  | Agra, Red Fort
Fotofile CG
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| 1658 |
| | | Samuel Pepys has a two-ounce stone cut from his bladder, in an operation carried out at home in the presence of his family | |
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| 1658 |
| | | Parliamentary reprisals against the rebellious Irish result in two thirds of Ireland's land being owned by the English or the Scots | |
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| 1658 |
| | | Cromwell dies after naming his son Richard to succeed him in the office of Lord Protector | |
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| c. 1658 |
| | | Prince Rupert of the Rhine pioneers mezzotint, the first half-tone technique in printing | |
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| 1658 |
| | | The Dutch expel the Portuguese from the last of their trading posts in Sri Lanka | |
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| 1659 |
| | | The ineffective Richard Cromwell goes into voluntary retirement, an event linked to the strong possibility of a military coup | |
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| 1660 |
| | | General George Monck marches south from Scotland to London, to intervene in England's unresolved political crisis | |
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| 1660 |
| | | On the first day of the new year Samuel Pepys gets up late, eats the remains of the turkey and begins his diary | |
|  | First page of Pepys's diary
Magdalene College, Cambridge
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| 1660 |
| | | Monck, reaching London, dissolves the Long Parliament and convenes a new one | |
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| 1660 |
| | | Monck persuades Charles II to sign, at Breda in Holland, a declaration of policies to heal the wounds of the Civil War | |
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| 1660 |
| | | The new Convention Parliament in Westminster invites Charles II to return as king | |
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| 1660 |
| | | Charles II lands at Dover and is given a warm welcome in London four days later | |
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| c. 1660 |
| | | The berlin, developed in Berlin, becomes the most successful carriage of the seventeenth century | |
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| 1660 |
| | | Louis XIV grants New France the status of a royal province and greatly increases the flow of colonists to north America | |
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| 1660 |
| | | Sweden wins the province of Skåne from Denmark, thus acquiring an unbroken stretch of Baltic coastline from Göteborg to Riga | |
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| 1660 |
| | | The Act of Indemnity, pardoning all offences since 1637 except those of the regicides, is given the royal assent | |
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| 1661 |
| | | John Bunyan is convicted of unlicensed preaching and spends the next eleven years in Bedford Gaol | |
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